Judith – Chapter 1

Old Testament12 Verses

Chapter Summary

"Now Arphaxad king of the Medes had brought many nations under his dominions, and he built a very strong city, which he called Ecbatana," — so begins Judith 1. The chapter centers on Nebuchadnezzar and Jesse. Across its 12 verses, two threads run through the text: God's kingdom and kingship and worship and praise. Taken as a whole, the chapter forms one movement in the account, preparing what follows and completing what came before.

1Now Arphaxad king of the Medes had brought many nations under his dominions, and he built a very strong city, which he called Ecbatana,

2Of stones squared and hewed: he made the walls thereof seventy cubits broad, and thirty cubits high, and the towers thereof he made a hundred cubits high. But on the square of them, each side was extended the space of twenty feet.

3And he made the gates thereof according to the height of the towers:

4And he gloried as a mighty one in the force of his army and in the glory of his chariots.

5Now in the twelfth year of his reign, Nabuchodonosor king of the Assyrians, who reigned in Ninive the great city, fought against Arphaxad and overcame him,

6In the great plain which is called Ragua, about the Euphrates, and the Tigris, and the Jadason, in the plain of Erioch the king of the Elicians.

7Then was the kingdom of Nabuchodonosor exalted, and his heart was elevated: and he sent to all that dwelt in Cilicia and Damascus, and Libanus,

8And to the nations that are in Carmelus, and Cedar, and to the inhabitants of Galilee in the great plain of Asdrelon,

9And to all that were in Samaria, and beyond the river Jordan even to Jerusalem, and all the land of Jesse till you come to the borders of Ethiopia.

10To all these Nabuchodonosor king of the Assyrians, sent messengers:

11But they all with one mind refused, and sent them back empty, and rejected them without honour.

12Then king Nabuchodonosor being angry against all that land, swore by his throne and kingdom that he would revenge himself of all those countries.

Important Verses in Judith 1

Now Arphaxad king of the Medes had brought many nations under his dominions, and he built a very strong city, which he called Ecbatana,

Judith 1:1

And he gloried as a mighty one in the force of his army and in the glory of his chariots.

Judith 1:4

Then was the kingdom of Nabuchodonosor exalted, and his heart was elevated: and he sent to all that dwelt in Cilicia and Damascus, and Libanus,

Judith 1:7

Then king Nabuchodonosor being angry against all that land, swore by his throne and kingdom that he would revenge himself of all those countries.

Judith 1:12

Historical Context

Judith belongs to the Old Testament and was composed for israel under foreign oppression, called to courage and prayer. Chapter 1 of 16 opens the book and sets the stage for everything that follows. It is a narrative passage recounting concrete events in salvation history with 12 verses in the Douay-Rheims translation. Historical attention falls on Nebuchadnezzar and Jesse, the principal figures named in this chapter. It opens with the line: "Now Arphaxad king of the Medes had brought many nations under his dominions, and he built a very strong city, which he…" The final verse reads: "Then king Nabuchodonosor being angry against all that land, swore by his throne and kingdom that he would revenge…" The wider setting of Judith is this: Judith is a deuterocanonical account of a courageous widow who saves Israel by beheading the invading general Holofernes. The book's material reflects the era summarized as follows: Probably 2nd century BC, during or after the Maccabean crisis.

Who Wrote It

Unknown Jewish author

When It Was Written

Probably 2nd century BC, during or after the Maccabean crisis

Catholic Commentary

In this 12-verse narrative, the sacred author records events that advance the story of courage, faith, and God's deliverance. A pivotal line is verse 1: "Now Arphaxad king of the Medes had brought many nations under his dominions, and he built a very strong city, which he called Ecbatana," The passage repeatedly touches on God's kingdom and kingship.

According to Catholic interpretation, this chapter contributes to the book's portrait of courage, faith, and God's deliverance. Judith prefigures Mary, who crushes the serpent's head (CIC 489). The Catechism and the liturgy frequently draw on such passages to nourish faith and moral life (CIC 1431).

Applied to the life of faith, the passage supports the Church's conviction that God uses the weak to defeat the strong. Whether read privately or heard in the liturgy, Judith 1 calls for a response of faith, repentance, and charity.

Main Teachings

  • God's kingdom is not of this world; every earthly throne stands under His eternal reign.
  • Worship is the heart of the covenant: giving God the praise and adoration that are His due.
  • God binds Himself to His people by covenant, and He never breaks His word.

People in This Chapter

Nebuchadnezzar4 mentionsJesse1 mention

Reflection for Today

When the Church proclaims Judith Chapter 1 at Mass or in the Liturgy of the Hours, she treats this text as the living voice of God.

In the four senses of Scripture—literal, allegorical, moral, and anagogical—the Church finds rich meaning in Judith Chapter 1. At the moral level, repentance and the mercy of God challenges us to examine conscience and amend our lives (CIC 2559).

As you continue through Judith, carry this chapter's lesson into your family, parish, and work. Catholic faith is always ecclesial—God speaks to us as members of Christ's Body, not as isolated individuals.

💡Catholic Reflection • Church Teachings

Frequently Asked Questions

What is Judith Chapter 1 about?

Judith 1 contains 12 verses. It opens with "Now Arphaxad king of the Medes had brought many nations under his dominions, and he built a very strong city, which he…" and closes with "Then king Nabuchodonosor being angry against all that land, swore by his throne and kingdom that he would revenge…". The book as a whole is edifying narrative (deuterocanonical).

What is a key verse in Judith 1?

One of the most significant verses is verse 1: "Now Arphaxad king of the Medes had brought many nations under his dominions, and he built a very strong city, which he called Ecbatana," It is often cited in Catholic teaching and preaching.

Who appears in Judith Chapter 1?

This chapter mentions Nebuchadnezzar, Jesse.

Who wrote Judith and when?

Unknown Jewish author. Probably 2nd century BC, during or after the Maccabean crisis.

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